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1.
Einstein (Säo Paulo) ; 18: eAO4952, 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1056063

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective: To define physician´s behavior in the face of a mentally capable elderly dysphagic patients at risk of pulmonary aspiration, who do not accept oral restriction. Methods: Observational, cross-sectional study, presenting a clinical case of an independent elderly with clinical complaints of dysphagia and laryngotracheal aspiration by flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing who rejected the proposal to restrict oral diet. A questionnaire about the patient's decision-making process was used to assess whether the physician was sympathetic and justify their answer, and if they are aware of hierarchy of ethical principles (recognition of the person´s value, autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence and justice), in the decision-making process, and which was the main principle that guided their decision. Results: One hundred participants were classified by time since graduation as Group I (less than 10 years) and Group II (more than 10 years). Of them, 60% agreed with the patient's decision, with no difference between the groups. The main reason was autonomy of patients, in both groups. Among those who were not sympathetic, the main argument was beneficence and nonmaleficence, considering the risk between benefit and harm. As to awareness about the hierarchy of principles, we did not find differences between the groups. Autonomy was the principle that guided those who were sympathetic with the patient's decision, and justice among those who didnot agree. Conclusion: Physicians were sympathetic with the patient's decision regarding autonomy, despite the balance between risks of beneficence and nonmaleficence, including death. We propose to formalize a non-compliance term.


RESUMO Objetivo: Definir o comportamento médico diante de paciente idoso disfágico com risco de aspiração laringotraqueal e mentalmente capaz que não aceita a restrição da via oral. Métodos: Estudo observacional, transversal. Apresentamos um caso clínico de idoso, que vive independente, com queixas clínicas e videoendoscopia da deglutição comprovando disfagia e aspiração, que recusou a proposta de restrição da via oral. Um questionário foi aplicado sobre o processo de decisão do paciente, procurando avaliar se o médico torna-se solidário, e que justifique sua resposta, e se tem ciência da hierarquia dos princípios éticos (reconhecimento do valor da pessoa, autonomia, beneficência, não maleficência e justiça), no processo de decisão e qual o principal princípio que norteia sua decisão. Resultados: Cem participantes foram classificados por tempo de formados em Grupo I (até 10 anos) e Grupo II (mais de 10 anos). Deles 60% tornaram-se solidários à decisão do paciente, sem diferença entre os grupos. O principal argumento foi a autonomia do paciente nos dois grupos. Entre os não solidários, foi o binômio beneficência e não maleficência, e o balanço do risco/benefício e malefício. Considerando a ciência sobre a hierarquia dos princípios que regem a decisão, não encontramos diferença entre eles. A autonomia foi o principal princípio na decisão entre os solidários e a justiça entre os não solidários. Conclusão: O médico foi solidário à decisão do paciente em respeito à sua autonomia, apesar dos riscos ponderados da beneficência e da maleficência, inclusive de morte. Propomos o termo de recusa de conduta formalizada.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Aged, 80 and over , Practice Patterns, Physicians'/statistics & numerical data , Deglutition Disorders/complications , Treatment Refusal/statistics & numerical data , Respiratory Aspiration/etiology , Physician-Patient Relations , Time Factors , Gastrostomy/methods , Deglutition Disorders/prevention & control , Cross-Sectional Studies , Surveys and Questionnaires , Risk Factors , Gastroscopy/methods , Personal Autonomy , Respiratory Aspiration/prevention & control , Clinical Decision-Making , Intubation, Gastrointestinal/methods
2.
Rev. bras. anestesiol ; 69(3): 266-271, May-June 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1013416

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background and objectives: Pregnant women are considered patients at risk for pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents. The study aim was to evaluate the gastric antral cross-sectional area using ultrasound. Method: In this prospective study, 85 scheduled term pregnant women underwent gastric ultrasound. The outcomes were the measurement of the gastric antral cross-sectional area (main outcome), the estimated gastric volume, the incidence of pregnant women at risk for pulmonary aspiration, and the association between gastric antral cross-sectional area and clinical-demographic characteristics. Gastric antral cross-sectional area and gastric volume were compared according to body mass index <30 or ≥30. Results: The median (IIQ) for gastric antral cross-sectional area was 4 cm2 (2.8-6.3), for the estimated gastric volume it was 49.8 mL (33.7-87.2), and for the gastric volume estimated in mL.kg-1 it was 0.62 mL.kg-1 (0.39-0.95). The 95th percentile [95% confidence interval (CI)] of the gastric antral cross-sectional area and the estimated gastric volume were ≤10.3 cm2 (95% CI: 7.6-15.6) and 1.42 mL.kg-1 (95% CI: 1.20-2.64), respectively. The incidence of pregnant women at risk for pulmonary aspiration was 3.5% (CI: 3.5 (1.2-9.8)). There was a positive correlation between gastric antral cross-sectional area and weight, p < 0.001 and body mass index <0.001. Patients with a body mass index ≥30 had a gastric antral cross-sectional area and an estimated gastric volume greater than those with a body mass index <30, respectively, p < 0.01 and p < 0.02. Conclusion: Measuring the gastric antral cross-sectional area of pregnant women is feasible and easy. There was positive correlation between gastric antral cross-sectional area, body weight and body mass index. The estimation of gastric volume by measuring the gastric antral cross-sectional area can identify patients at risk for pulmonary aspiration. Obese patients had a gastric antral cross-sectional area and an estimated gastric volume greater than non-obese patients.


Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: As gestantes são consideradas pacientes de risco para aspiração pulmonar do conteúdo gástrico. O objetivo foi avaliar a área transversal do antro gástrico por meio de ultrassonografia. Método: Neste estudo prospectivo, 85 gestantes a termo agendadas foram submetidas à ultrassonografia do antro gástrico. Os desfechos foram a mensuração da área transversal do antro gástrico (desfecho principal), a estimativa do volume gástrico, a incidência de gestantes sob risco de aspiração pulmonar, a associação entre a área transversal do antro gástrico e características clínico-demográficas. A área transversal do antro gástrico e do volume gástrico foi comparada de acordo com o índice de massa corporal < 30 ou ≥ 30. Resultados: A mediana (IIQ) da área transversal do antro gástrico foi 4 cm2 (2,8-6,3), do volume gástrico estimado 49,8 mL (33,7-87,2) e do volume gástrico estimado em mL.kg-1 de 0,62 mL.kg-1 (0,39-0,95). O percentil 95 [intervalo de confiança (IC) 95%] da área transversal do antro gástrico e do volume gástrico estimado foi ≤ 10,3 cm2 (IC 95%: 7,6-15,6) e 1,42 mL.kg-1 (IC 95%: 1,20-2,64), respectivamente. A incidência de gestantes sob risco de aspiração pulmonar foi de 3,5% (IC: 3,5 (1,2-9,8). Houve correlação positiva entre a área transversal do antro gástrico e peso, p < 0,001 e índice de massa corporal p < 0,001. As pacientes com índice de massa corporal ≥ 30 apresentaram maior área transversal do antro gástrico, e do volume gástrico estimado, do que as com índice de massa corporal < 30, respectivamente p < 0,01 e p < 0,02. Conclusão: A mensuração da área transversal do antro gástrico de gestantes é factível e fácil. A área transversal do antro gástrico correlacionou-se positivamente com peso e índice de massa corporal. A estimativa do volume gástrico através da mensuração da área transversal do antro gástrico pode identificar pacientes sob risco de aspiração pulmonar. As pacientes obesas apresentaram área transversal do antro gástrico e volume gástrico estimado maior do que as não obesas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Adult , Young Adult , Pyloric Antrum/diagnostic imaging , Cohort Studies , Ultrasonography/methods , Respiratory Aspiration/prevention & control , Preoperative Care/methods , Body Mass Index , Cesarean Section/methods , Prospective Studies , Gastrointestinal Contents/diagnostic imaging , Obesity/complications
3.
Rev. chil. anest ; 48(2): 159-162, 2019.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1451722

ABSTRACT

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a disorder caused by a genetic alteration that causes a multisystem clinic. It can be due mainly to three genetic mechanisms; a paternal deletion of the 15q11-13 region, a maternal uniparental disomy, or an imprinting defect. The paternal deletion is observed in 70% of the patients, the disomy in 25% and the imprinting defect in only 5% of those affected by this syndrome. 1) It is the most common syndromic cause of obesity with an estimated prevalence in the population of 1: 50,000; 2) The clinic is very variable, which is why clinical criteria have been created that, supported by the genetic study, confirm the diagnosis; 3) They have difficulty feeding during lactation, which leads to hyperphagia in childhood that leads to obesity. In the adult stage, in addition to obesity, respiratory pathology, sleep disturbances and psychological disorders stand out; 4) Objective: the aim of the present review was to compile the cases recorded in the scientific literature of patients anesthetized with PWS and the anesthetic options used in said patients.


El síndrome de Prader-Willi (SPW) es un trastorno causado por una alteración genética que provoca una clínica multisistémica. Puede ser debido principalmente a tres mecanismos genéticos; una deleción paterna de la región 15q11-13, una disomía uniparental materna o un defecto de impronta. La deleción paterna se observa en el 70% de los pacientes, la disomía en el 25% y el defecto de impronta en tan solo el 5% de los afectados por este síndrome. 1) Constituye la causa sindrómica más frecuente de obesidad con una prevalencia estimada en la población de 1:50.000; 2) La clínica es muy variable por lo que se han creado unos criterios clínicos que apoyados por el estudio genético confirman el diagnóstico; 3) Presentan dificultad para la alimentación durante la lactancia, que da paso a una hiperfagia en la infancia que deriva en obesidad. En la etapa adulta, además de la obesidad destacan la patología respiratoria, alteraciones del sueño y trastornos psicológicos; 4) Objetivo: el objetivo de la presente revisión fue recopilar los casos registrados en la literatura científica de pacientes anestesiados con SPW y las opciones anestésicas utilizadas en dichos pacientes.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Prader-Willi Syndrome/complications , Anesthesia, Conduction/methods , Respiratory Aspiration/prevention & control
4.
CoDAS ; 28(2): 113-117, mar.-abr. 2016. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-782139

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Purpose When swallowing efficiency is impaired, residue accumulates in the pharynx. Cued or spontaneous swallows in the head neutral position do not always successfully clear residue. We investigated the impact of a novel maneuver on residue clearance by combining a head turn with the chin down posture. Methods Data were collected from 26 participants who demonstrated persistent vallecular residue after an initial head neutral clearance swallow in videofluoroscopy. Participants were cued to perform a head-turn-plus-chin-down swallow, with the direction of head turn randomized. Pixel-based measures of residue in the vallecular space before and after the maneuver were made on still frame lateral images using ImageJ software. Measures of % full and the Normalized Residue Ratio Scale (NRRS) were extracted. Univariate analyses of variance were used to detect significant reductions in residue. Results On average, pre-maneuver measures showed residue filling 56-73% of the valleculae, depending on stimulus consistency (NRRS scores: 0.2-0.4). More than 80% of pre-swallow measures displayed NRRS ratios > 0.06, a threshold previously linked to increased risk of post-swallow aspiration. Conclusion The head-turn-plus-chin-down maneuver achieved significant reductions in residue for thin and nectar-thick fluids, suggesting that this maneuver can be effective in reducing persistent vallecular residue with these consistencies.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Young Adult , Posture , Deglutition Disorders/physiopathology , Deglutition Disorders/prevention & control , Epiglottis/physiopathology , Pharynx/physiopathology , Fluoroscopy/methods , Reproducibility of Results , Risk Factors , Analysis of Variance , Chin/physiology , Treatment Outcome , Deglutition/physiology , Respiratory Aspiration/prevention & control , Middle Aged
6.
Acta méd. (Porto Alegre) ; 34: [7], 20130.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-880060

ABSTRACT

A broncoaspiração consiste em um evento frequente nas internações hospitalares, nos processos de anestesia geral e é um importante motivo de procura à emergência. O diagnóstico precoce, aliado a um manejo ágil, evita possíveis complicações e gera redução da mortalidade. O principal objetivo em relação à broncoaspiração é a sua prevenção.


Aspiration is a usual event during hospitalization, also in the process of general anesthesia and further it is an important reason for seeking emergency medical care. Early diagnosis associated with a fast management avoids possible complications and reduces mortality. The main purpose regarding aspiration is its prevention.


Subject(s)
Respiratory Aspiration/diagnosis , Primary Prevention , Respiratory Aspiration/prevention & control
7.
Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras. (1992) ; 55(2): 201-206, 2009. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-514822

ABSTRACT

A aspiração pulmonar do conteúdo gástrico, apesar de pouco frequente, exige cuidados especiais para sua prevenção. A depressão da consciência durante a anestesia predispõe os pacientes a esta grave complicação pela diminuição na função do esfíncter esofágico e dos reflexos protetores das vias aéreas. Guias de jejum pré-operatório elaborados recentemente sugerem períodos menores de jejum, principalmente para líquidos, permitindo mais conforto aos pacientes e menor risco de hipoglicemia e desidratação, sem aumentar a incidência de aspiração pulmonar perioperatória. O uso rotineiro de agentes que diminuem a acidez e volume gástrico parece estar indicado apenas para pacientes de risco. A intubação traqueal após indução anestésica por meio da técnica de sequência rápida está indicada naqueles pacientes, com risco de aspiração gástrica, em que não há suspeita de intubação traqueal difícil. A indicação correta da técnica, sua aplicação criteriosa e a utilização racional das drogas disponíveis podem promover condições excelentes de intubação, com curto período de latência, rápido retorno da consciência e da respiração espontânea, caso haja falha na intubação traqueal.O presente artigo tem como objetivo discutir os métodos atualmente utilizados para controlar o volume e o pH do conteúdo gástrico, proteger as vias aéreas durante as manobras de intubação e reduzir o refluxo gastroesofágico.


Pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents, despite its infrequent occurrence, demands special preventive care. Decreased oesophageal sphincter function and protective airway reflexes caused by depression of consciousness, predispose patients to this severe complication. Recently developed preoperative fasting guidelines suggest shorter fasting periods, especially for liquids, providing more comfort to patients and less risk of hypoglycemia and dehydration, without increasing incidence of perioperative pulmonary aspiration. Routine use of drugs decreasing gastric acidity and volume seems to be indicated only for high risk patients. Tracheal intubation after rapid sequence induction of anesthesia is indicated for patients at risk of gastric content aspiration without suspicion of difficult intubation. Adequate indication of the technique, its judicious application and rational use of available drugs may promote excellent intubation conditions, with fast onset, early return to consciousness and spontaneous breathing should tracheal intubation fail. This review intends to discuss methods recently used to control volume and pH of the gastric content, protect the airways during the intubation maneuver and to decrease the gastroesophageal reflux.


Subject(s)
Humans , Gastrointestinal Contents , Intubation, Intratracheal/methods , Respiratory Aspiration/prevention & control , Fasting , /therapeutic use , Preoperative Care
8.
Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology. 2009; 20 (2): 319-323
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-92214

ABSTRACT

Ullrich congential muscular dystrophy [UCMD] is a severe form of congenital muscular dystrophy manifesting axial muscle contractures and distal joint hyperlaxity. Severe hypotonia and associated respiratory failure may occur early in the disease process. Given the various associated orthopedic conditions, anesthetic management may be required during surgical interventions to correct skeletal deformities or these patients may present with surgical conditions unrelated to their primary illness. We present a 4-year-old with UCMD who required operative intervention for a ruptured appendix. Anesthetic care implications included the need for a rapid airway control to limit the risks of aspiration due to the intra-abdominal process, choice of neuromuscular blocking agent for rapid sequence intubation, associated airway issues related to micrognathia and limited mouth opening, and the potential for involvement of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. The perioperative management of patients with UCMD is discussed including the use of propofol and remifentanil for rapid sequence intubation to avoid the need for neuromuscular blocking agents


Subject(s)
Humans , Perioperative Care , Respiratory Aspiration/prevention & control , Propofol , Piperidines , Muscular Dystrophies/surgery , Appendicitis/surgery , Anesthesia, General
10.
Rev. bras. anestesiol ; 54(4): 595-606, jul.-ago. 2004. tab
Article in Portuguese, English | LILACS | ID: lil-382897

ABSTRACT

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A indução da anestesia por meio da técnica de seqüência rápida é utilizada, principalmente, para proteger as vias aéreas, quando há risco de aspiração do conteúdo gástrico. O objetivo deste artigo é revisar a técnica e os diferentes protocolos que buscam o uso racional dos fármacos disponíveis, visando condições ideais de intubação traqueal, sem aumentar o risco de aspiração do conteúdo gástrico ou de outras complicações. CONTEUDO: Apresenta uma revisão da técnica da indução com seqüência rápida, enfatizando o uso racional dos hipnóticos, opióides e bloqueadores neuromusculares (BNM), para reduzir o período entre a perda da consciência e o correto posicionamento do tubo traqueal, ou seja, diminuir o período de maior risco para aspiração e ainda manter excelentes condições de intubação traqueal. CONCLUSÕES: A intubação traqueal após indução anestésica por meio da técnica de seqüência rápida está indicada naqueles pacientes, com risco de aspiração gástrica, em que não há suspeita de intubação traqueal difícil. A indicação correta da técnica, sua aplicação criteriosa e a utilização racional das drogas disponíveis podem promover condições excelentes de intubação, com curto período de latência, rápido retorno da consciência e da respiração espontânea, caso haja falha na intubação traqueal.


Subject(s)
Humans , Respiratory Aspiration/prevention & control , Intubation, Intratracheal/methods , Neuromuscular Blocking Agents , Review Literature as Topic
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